{"id":17223,"date":"2025-12-07T23:18:19","date_gmt":"2025-12-07T17:48:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/service-public.in\/?p=17223"},"modified":"2025-12-07T23:18:27","modified_gmt":"2025-12-07T17:48:27","slug":"the-constitution-of-india-%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%a8%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%af-%e0%ae%85%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%a9%e0%ae%ae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/service-public.in\/?p=17223","title":{"rendered":"The Constitution of India &#8211; \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bae\u0bcd. Professor Mr. S. Karthick (Tam-Video, Tam-Exp)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Constitution of India | Part 1 | Professor Mr. S. Karthick, Government Law College, Madurai\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/AcljQyJOwmU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Original Title: The Constitution of India | Part 1 | Professor Mr. S. Karthick, Government Law College, Madurai &#8211; Courtest:  MBA MADURAI BENCH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u2013 1 : \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 (Constitution) \u2013 Articles &amp; Schedules<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. \u0bae\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 Articles \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 (1950):<\/strong> 395 Articles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0b87\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1:<\/strong> \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9 (500+ \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd).<br>\u0b86\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b95\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u2014 <em>\u201cConstitution\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8 Articles?\u201d<\/em> \u2192 <strong>395<\/strong> \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \u0bae\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 Schedules \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Original Constitution (1950):<\/strong> 8 Schedules<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Current Constitution:<\/strong> 12 Schedules<br>(4 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf Schedules \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba9 \u2013 9, 10, 11, 12)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u2013 2 : 9\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb5\u0ba3\u0bc8 (9th Schedule) \u2013 \u0b8f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. 9th Schedule \u0b8e\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1, \u0b8f\u0ba9\u0bcd?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>9th Schedule <strong>First Amendment (1951)<\/strong> \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0ba8\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Land Reforms Laws<\/strong>-\u0b90 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bae\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zamindari Abolition, Land Ceiling \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. 9th Schedule \u0b8e\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 Article-\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Article 31A &amp; 31B<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0b87\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <em>Land Reforms + Government Acquisition<\/em> \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bb5\u0bc8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u2013 3 : 1950\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd Property Right \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bc8<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bc8?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Article 19(1)(f) \u2192 Property Fundamental Right<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Article 31 \u2192 Compulsory acquisition \u0bae\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 Zamindars, Landlords \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0b8f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Property Fundamental Right \u0905\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0933\u0947 \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd <strong>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95<\/strong> Supreme Court striking down \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0b85\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bae\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc0\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>9th Schedule<\/strong>-\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c\u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1\u201d \u0b8e\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1 (Article 31B).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u2013 4 : Judicial Review vs Parliament Power<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Judicial Review \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0ba8\u0bc0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bae\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bbe \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9th Schedule-\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bc7 \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 Judicial Review \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u2013 5 : \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd (Case Laws) \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Shankari Prasad (1951)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Parliament\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 <strong>\u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4<\/strong> \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Sajjan Singh (1965)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc7 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Golaknath (1967)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Parliament \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b95 <strong>Fundamental Rights-\u0b90 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Kesavananda Bharati (1973) \u2013 Landmark<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Parliament can amend <strong>BUT<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Basic Structure \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Judicial Review = Basic Structure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#x1f449; \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc7 <em>Cut-off date: 24 April 1973<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u2013 6 : 9th Schedule\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bc8 (Waman Rao Case \u2013 1981)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Waman Rao v Union of India (1981)<\/strong><br>\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd Supreme Court \u0b9a\u0bca\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. 9th Schedule \u2192 Judicial Review\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1\u514d\u75ab\u0bae\u0bcd (immunity) \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Cut-off date fix \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>24-04-1973\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/strong> (Kesavananda Bharati \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd)<br>9th Schedule-\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u2192 <strong>valid<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>24-04-1973\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/strong><br>9th Schedule-\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u2192<br><strong>Judicial Review\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bc8<\/strong><br>\u2192 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bc8 Basic Structure \u0bae\u0bc0\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u2013 7 : I.R. Coelho Case (2007) \u2013 Final Word<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>I.R. Coelho vs State of Tamil Nadu (2007)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9 Judges Bench \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>9th Schedule = Parliament\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 complete protection \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>24-04-1973\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bc1 9th Schedule-\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b8e\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Basic Structure Test<\/strong> pass \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Judicial Review = Basic Structure; \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bc8 Parliament \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd 9th Schedule misuse \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 court \u201cfinal checkpoint\u201d \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u2013 8 : Tamil Nadu 69% Reservation Issue<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Background<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>TN Government Reservation 69% (BC+MBC+SC+ST) \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tamil Nadu Act 45 of 1994<\/strong><br>\u2192 9th Schedule (Entry 257A)\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0b8f\u0ba9\u0bcd?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Supreme Court (Indra Sawhney, 1992)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reservations should not exceed <strong>50% rule<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2 \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd Judicial Review \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0baa\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0b85\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">TN Act 45\/1994 \u2192 9th Schedule\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9 \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b9a\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1 <strong>I.R. Coelho case<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supreme Court \u2192 9th Schedule-\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <strong>Basic Structure<\/strong>\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u2013 9 : \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bcd<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Original Constitution<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>395 Articles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>8 Schedules<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>12 Schedules<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>500+ Articles (\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. 9th Schedule<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Land Reforms \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Article 31A, 31B \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Judicial Review<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Basic Structure, \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bc8 Parliament \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. Cut-off Date<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>24 April 1973<\/strong> (Kesavananda \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. Post-1973 laws in 9th Schedule<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Basic Structure Test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Judicial Review\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bc8<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Automatically valid \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>7. \u0b87\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>9th Schedule misuse \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supreme Court \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Original Title: The Constitution of India | Part 1 | Professor Mr. S. Karthick, Government Law College, Madurai &#8211; Courtest: MBA MADURAI BENCH. \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u2013 1 : \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 (Constitution) \u2013 Articles &amp; Schedules 1. \u0bae\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 Articles \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8? 2. \u0bae\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 Schedules \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8? \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u2013 2 : 9\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb5\u0ba3\u0bc8 (9th Schedule) \u2013 \u0b8f\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1? 1. 9th [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[720],"tags":[741],"class_list":["post-17223","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-720","tag-karthick-s-professor"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/service-public.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17223","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/service-public.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/service-public.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/service-public.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/service-public.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17223"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/service-public.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17223\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17224,"href":"https:\/\/service-public.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17223\/revisions\/17224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/service-public.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/service-public.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/service-public.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}